The systematic management of the injury for medical and medicolegal purposes will ensure not just treatment of the injury but also may help in future legal proceedings. The scientific collection and evaluation of these extraneous materials can provide valuable information regarding the scene of a crime and in linking the suspect to the crime. The physical examination should include the type, size, shape, color, location, depth of the abrasions, and association with other injuries, as well as the presence of extraneous material. When found over the neck or genitalia, they may have a particular significance that requires further evaluation. They are frequently seen over the exposed parts of the body, especially the head and neck, as well as the extremities. Abrasions could be present over any part of the body. While the physical examination of abrasions is important for treatment, the medicolegal examination of abrasions can be considerably more significant. They are commonly seen along with other forms of blunt force trauma, such as contusions and lacerations. The patients' tetanus vaccine status should be determined as well.Ībrasions are commonly associated with physical trauma this could result from falls and impact against hard and uneven surfaces, as well as the pressure of impending objects. Relevant history should be documented, including the time of injury, cause, and mechanism of injury, as well as other relevant details pertaining to the causation of the injury. However, there exists a possibility of substantial under-reporting of the overall prevalence of abrasions and their predilection for a particular site, as people sustaining minor abrasions, scratches, etc., on non-vital parts of the body do not attend clinics and hospitals for their management. The upper limbs account for 15.4%, and the lower limbs for 34.6% of all abrasions. The head and torso are the most common sites, comprising 50% of all abrasions. Unintentional abrasions are frequently associated with falls and sports-related injuries among children and with falls in older patients.Ībrasions are the most common form of injury in children accounting for 70.7% of all injuries. Intentional injuries of a sexual nature that are associated with sexual offenses are found to be more common in females. Abrasions caused by intentional injuries are found more frequently in the middle age groups as compared to the extremes of ages. Abrasions are primarily accidental throughout all phases of life. Patterned abrasions resulting from blows, collisions, and auto versus pedestrian accidents are examples of impact abrasions.Ībrasions can occur at any time of life, with no particular propensity for any age or sex. Impact abrasions result from a swift blow and require considerable force. For example, the use of rough material for hanging produces a ligature mark that is an imprint of the material used. The force required to produce a pressure abrasion is minimal. Pressure abrasions result from prolonged compression of the epidermis. Patterned abrasions can be further sub-classified as pressure abrasion and impact abrasion, depending on the duration of contact with the offending object. Patterned abrasions are a result of perpendicular force on the epidermis, resulting in an impression of the offending item. Extensive, grazed abrasions are sometimes referred to as "brush burns." The depth of grazed injuries varies depending on the irregularity of the surface, as well as the speed of the body. Grazed abrasions are caused by the dragging of the body against a rough surface, resulting in the scrapping of the epidermis. These are most commonly seen in cases of road traffic accidents as well as in sports falls. Grazed abrasions are usually multiple in presentation and result from friction against a broad, rough surface. Likewise, nail scratch abrasions on the neck may be suggestive of strangulation. Linear or semicircular injuries are classically seen as a result of nail scratches, and their presence on the inner aspect of thighs and around female genitalia may indicate resistance in cases of sexual assault. Linear abrasions have significant medicolegal importance, especially when seen over the neck, inner thighs, and genitalia. Linear abrasions are the simplest of injuries and tend to heal by primary intention, without any sequelae. Linear abrasions are caused by tangential forces resulting in denuding of the epidermis. Abrasions are classified into three types that include linear or scratch abrasions, grazed or brush abrasions, and patterned abrasions.
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